Theories of Intelligence in Psychology

Theories of Intelligence in Psychology Theories Cognitive Psychology Print Theories of Intelligence in Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on October 08, 2019 More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Defining Intelligence Concept of Intelligence Theories of Intelligence Intelligence Testing View All Back To Top What exactly is intelligence? While intelligence is one of the most talked about subjects in psychology, there is no standard definition of what exactly constitutes intelligence. Some researchers have suggested that intelligence is a single, general ability, while others believe that intelligence encompasses a range of aptitudes, skills, and talents. Verywell / JR Bee   How Psychologists Define Intelligence Intelligence has been an important and controversial topic throughout psychologys history. Despite the substantial interest in the subject, there is still considerable disagreement about what components make up intelligence. In addition to questions of exactly how to define intelligence, the debate continues today about whether accurate measurements are even possible. At various points throughout recent history, researchers have proposed some different definitions of intelligence. While these definitions can vary considerably from one theorist to the next, current conceptualizations tend to suggest that intelligence involves the level of ability to do the following: Learn:  The acquisition, retention, and use of knowledge is an important component of intelligence.Recognize problems:  To put knowledge to use, people must be able to identify possible problems in the environment that need to be addressed.Solve problems:  People must then be able to take what they have learned to come up with a useful solution to a problem they have noticed in the world around them.?? Intelligence involves some different mental abilities including logic, reasoning, problem-solving, and planning. While the subject of intelligence is one of the largest and most heavily researched, it is also one of the topics that generate the greatest controversy. While psychologists often disagree about the definition and causes of intelligence, research on intelligence plays a significant role in many areas. These areas include decisions regarding how much funding should be given to educational programs, the use of testing to screen job applicants, and the use of testing to identify children who need additional academic help. How the Concept of Intelligence Developed The term intelligence quotient, or IQ, was first coined in the early 20th century by a German psychologist named William Stern. Psychologist Alfred Binet developed the very first intelligence tests to help the French government identify schoolchildren who needed extra academic assistance. Binet was the first to introduce the concept of mental age or a set of abilities that children of a certain age possess.?? Since that time, intelligence testing has emerged as a widely used tool that has led to developing many other tests of skill and aptitude. However, it  continues to spur debate and controversy over the use of such testing, cultural biases that may be involved, influences on intelligence, and even the very way we define intelligence. Theories of Intelligence Different researchers have proposed a variety of theories to explain the nature of intelligence. Here are some of the major theories of intelligence that have emerged during the last 100 years: Charles Spearman: General Intelligence British psychologist Charles Spearman (1863â€"1945) described a concept he referred to as general intelligence or the g factor. After using a technique known as factor analysis to examine some mental aptitude tests, Spearman concluded that scores on these tests were remarkably similar. People who performed well on one cognitive test tended to perform well on other tests, while those who scored badly on one test tended to score badly on others. He concluded that intelligence is a  general cognitive ability that can be measured and numerically expressed.?? Louis L. Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities Psychologist Louis L.Thurstone (1887â€"1955) offered a differing theory of intelligence. Instead of viewing intelligence as a single, general ability, Thurstones theory focused on seven different primary mental abilities. The abilities that he described include: Verbal comprehensionReasoningPerceptual speedNumerical abilityWord fluencyAssociative memorySpatial visualization?? Howard Gardner: Multiple Intelligences One of the more recent ideas to emerge is Howard Gardners theory of multiple intelligences. Instead of focusing on the analysis of test scores, Gardner proposed that numerical expressions of human intelligence, such as in the IQ test, are not a full and accurate depiction of peoples abilities. His theory describes eight distinct types of intelligence based on skills and abilities that are valued in different cultures.?? The eight kinds of intelligence Gardner described are: Visual-spatial intelligenceVerbal-linguistic intelligenceBodily-kinesthetic intelligenceLogical-mathematical intelligenceInterpersonal intelligenceMusical intelligenceIntrapersonal intelligenceNaturalistic intelligence?? Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligences Robert Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as mental activity directed toward purposive adaptation to, selection, and shaping of real-world environments relevant to ones life. While he agreed with Gardner that intelligence is much broader than a single, general ability, he instead suggested that some of Gardners types of intelligence are better viewed as individual talents. Sternberg proposed what he referred to as successful intelligence, which involves three different factors: Analytical intelligence: Your problem-solving abilities.Creative intelligence:  Your capacity to deal with new situations using past experiences and current skills.Practical intelligence: Your ability to adapt to a changing environment.?? Questions About Intelligence Testing In order to gain a deeper understanding of intelligence and the tests that have been developed in an attempt to measure this concept, its important to understand the history of intelligence testing, the scientific research that has been conducted, and the findings that have emerged. Major questions about intelligence and IQ testing  still include: Is intelligence a single ability, or does it involve an assortment of multiple skills and abilities?Is intelligence inherited, or does the environment play a larger role?Are intelligence tests biased?What do intelligence scores predict, if anything? To explore these questions, psychologists have conducted a considerable amount of research on the nature, influences, and effects of intelligence.?? A Word From Verywell While there has been considerable debate over the exact nature of intelligence, no definitive conceptualization has emerged. Today, psychologists often account for the many theoretical viewpoints when discussing intelligence and acknowledge that this debate is ongoing.